ECHINACEA: a "Cure-All" Herb to Boost the Immune System

Credit goes to the University of Maryland Medical CenterThe following article was transcribed verbatim from:http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/echinacea-000239.htmECHINACEAOverview:One of the most popular herbs in America today is the Native American medicinal plant called echinacea. Named for the prickly scales in its large conical seed head, the herb resembles the spines of an angry hedgehog (echinos is Greek for hedgehog).Results of archeological digs indicate that Native Americans may have used echinacea for more than 400 years to treat infections and wounds and as a general "cure-all." Throughout history people have used echinacea to treat scarlet fever, syphilis, malaria, blood poisoning, and diphtheria. Although this herb was popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, its use began to decline in the United States after the introduction of antibiotics. Echinacea preparations became increasingly popular in Germany throughout the 20th century. In fact, most of the scientific research on echinacea has been conducted in Germany.Today, people use echinacea to shorten the duration of the common cold and flu and reduce symptoms, such as sore throat (pharyngitis), cough, and fever. Many herbalists also recommend echinacea to help boost the immune system and help the body fight infections.General UsesSeveral laboratory and animal studies suggest that echinacea contains active substances that enhance the activity of the immune system, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and have hormonal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. For this reason, professional herbalists may recommend echinacea to treat urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast (candida) infections, ear infections (also known as otitis media), athlete's foot, sinusitis, hay fever (also called allergic rhinitis), as well as slow-healing wounds.Common ColdWhether or not echinacea helps prevent or treat the common cold remains under debate. Some studies have shown that the herb can make you feel better faster. Others suggest that echinacea has no impact on a cold at all. Several clinical trials have shown that people who take echinacea as soon as they feel sick reduce the severity of their cold and have fewer symptoms than those who do not take the herb. One study of 95 people with early symptoms of cold and flu (such as runny nose, scratchy throat, and fever), found that those who drank several cups of echinacea tea every day for 5 days felt better sooner than those who drank tea without echinacea.A review of 16 clinical trials found that there is some evidence that supplements based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea might be effective in decreasing the incidence and duration of the common cold in adults, but results are not fully consistent. Echinacea preparations tested in clinical trials differ greatly. It is important to choose a high quality echinacea supplement - ask your health care provider.Plant Description:Echinacea has tall stems, bears single pink or purple flowers, and has a central cone that is usually purplish-brown in color. The large cone is actually a seed head with sharp spines that resemble a stiff comb.What's It Made Of?:Echinacea contains several chemicals that play a role in its therapeutic effects. These include polysaccharides, glycoproteins, alkamides, volatile oils, and flavonoids.The chemicals contained in the root differ considerably from those in the upper part of the plant. For example, the roots have high concentrations of volatile oils (odorous compounds) while the above-ground parts of the plant tend to contain more polysaccharides (substances known to trigger the activity of the immune system). The combination of these active substances is responsible for echinacea’s beneficial effects, though research suggests that the above ground portion of Echinacea purpurea is the most effective.In Germany (where herbs are regulated by the government), the above-ground parts of Echinacea purpurea are approved to treat colds, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and slow-healing wounds. The root of the Echinacea pallida plant is also approved for the treatment of flu-like infections. Many echinacea products available in the United States contain one, two, or even all three plant species.Available Forms:Three species of echinacea are commonly used for medicinal purposes: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea. Many echinacea preparations contain one, two, or even all three of these species. Different products use different parts of the echinacea plant. This is why the effectiveness of echinacea may differ from one product to another.Echinacea (including one, two, or all three species) is available in extracts, tinctures, tablets, capsules, and ointments. It is also available in combination with other immune-boosting herbs, vitamins, and minerals.A study performed by ConsumerLab.com (an independent company that tests the purity of health, wellness, and nutrition products) found that of 11 brands of echinacea purchased for testing, only 4 contained what was stated on their labels. About 10% had no echinacea at all; half were mislabeled as to the species of echinacea in the product; and more than half of the standardized preparations did not contain the labeled amount of active ingredients.Buy products made by reputable, established companies that distribute their products through trustworthy and knowledgeable establishments. When possible, select products with guaranteed potency or standardized extracts.How to Take It:PediatricAdjust the recommended adult dose to account for the child's weight. Most herbal dosages for adults are calculated on the basis of a 150 lb (70 kg) adult. Therefore, if the child weighs 50 lb (20 to 25 kg), the appropriate dose of echinacea would be 1/3 of the adult dose.Use alcohol-free preparations for children.AdultFor general immune system stimulation, during colds, flu, upper respiratory tract infections, or bladder infections, choose from the following forms and take three times a day generally for 7 - 10 days:•1 - 2 grams dried root or herb, as tea•2 - 3 mL of standardized tincture extract•6 - 9 ml of expressed juice (succus)•300 mg of standardized, powdered extract containing 4% phenolics•Tincture (1:5): 1 - 3 mL (20 - 90 drops)•Stabilized fresh extract: 0.75 mL (15 - 23 drops)For slow-healing wounds, creams or ointments should be applied as needed.Precautions:The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. However, herbs contain active substances that may trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, people should take herbs under the supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field of botanical medicine.People with tuberculosis, leukemia, diabetes, connective tissue disorders, multiple sclerosis, HIV or AIDS, any autoimmune diseases, or, possibly, liver disorders should not take echinacea. There is some concern that echinacea may reduce the effectiveness of medications that suppress the immune system. For this reason, people receiving organ transplants who must take immunosuppressant medications should avoid this herb. (See "Possible Interactions.")In rare cases, echinacea may cause allergic reactions ranging from a mild rash to anaphylaxis (a life-threatening reaction accompanied by throat tightening, shortness of breath, and, possibly, fainting). People with asthma and allergies may be at an increased risk for developing these adverse reactions. People with allergies to plants in the daisy family (compositae) should not take echinacea unless they do so under the supervision of a health care provider.There has been one report of an individual developing erythema nodosum (a painful skin condition) after taking echinacea to treat the flu.When taken by mouth, echinacea may cause temporary numbing and tingling on the tongue.Despite concerns that echinacea may be unsafe for pregnant or breast-feeding women, evidence suggests that the use of echinacea during pregnancy does not increase the risk of birth defects or other pregnancy-related health problems.Possible Interactions:If you are taking any of the following medications, you should not use echinacea without first talking to your healthcare provider:Econazole -- Echinacea may be useful in combination with econazole, an antifungal agent used to treat yeast infections (such as athlete's foot). When echinacea is used together with econazole, recurrence rates of these infections may be reduced.Immunosuppressants -- Immunosuppressants refers to a group of medications that are used for two main purposes -- treat cancer and suppress the immune system following organ transplant so that the new organ is not rejected. Because echinacea can enhance immune function, people should not use the herb with immunosuppressive medications, especially when taken for organ transplant.In terms of cancer treatment, a couple of test tube studies imply that echinacea may be useful when used in combination with cyclophosphamide, one medication in this class. Using echinacea with this or other chemotherapy agents that act as immunosuppressants, may allow the cancer-fighting medicines to kill the tumors while still protecting the immune system. If this theory proves to be correct then echinacea could possibly prevent many of the side effects of chemotherapy.Alternative Names:Echinacea angustifolia; Echinacea pallida; Echinacea purpurea; Purple coneflower•Reviewed last on: 11/30/2007•Ernest B. Hawkins, MS, BSPharm, RPh, Health Education Resources; and Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Supporting ResearchBorchers AT, Keen CL, Stern JS, Gershwin ME. Inflammation and Native American medicine: the role of botanicals. [Review]. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2):339-347.ConsumerLab.com. Product review: echinacea. Accessed on April 1, 2002.Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. [Review]. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(1):42-53.Frank LG. The efficacy of Echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Comp Alt Med. 2000;6(4):327-334.Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160:3141-3143.Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2004;29(1):75-83.Islam J, Carter R. Use of Echinacea in upper respiratory tract infection. South Med J. 2005;98(3):311-8.Linde K, Barrett B, Wolkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD000530.Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6(4):327-334.Mahady GB. Echinacea: recommendations for its use in prophylaxis and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Nutr Clin Care. 2001;4(4):199-208.Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, Kaesmayr J. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. [Review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000530.Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88(1):42-51.Naser B, Lund B, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Kohler G, Lehmacher W, Scaglione F. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical dose-response trial of an extract of Baptisia, Echinacea and Thuja for the treatment of patients with common cold. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(10):715-22.Percival SS. Use of echinacea in medicine. [Review]. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;60(2):155-158.Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CI. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):473-80. Review.Schwarz E, Parlesak A, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Bode JC, Bode C. Effect of oral administration of freshly pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea on the number of various subpopulations of B- and T-lymphocytes in healthy volunteers: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(9):625-31.Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(2):298-299.Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Ineffectiveness of Echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1708-1709.Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JD. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):341-8.Weber W, Taylor JA, Stoep AV, Weiss NS, Standish LJ, Calabrese C. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in children. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(6):1021-6.Woelkart K, Marth E, Suter A, et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;44(9):401-8.

Thank you for sharing this. It is so good to know there are so many good herbals out there that can do the job without drugscoming from a pharmaceudical company. I do not take over the counter or prescription drugs unless I absolutely have to. I was on a clinical trial for celebrex for arthritis and almost died, my heart stopped. They immediately took me off the trial, then iddeiately after they released the drug to the market and low and behold they had to pull it off the market because people were having you guessed it, heart problems...So they took it off for about a year, then it came back again, and low and behold, people are dying again. That is why natural remedies are so important and it is a good thing to share any good ones that are out there for alternatives. People should definitely look into healthier alternatives than the Big Pharma drugs, that is for sure. Thank you for sharing this valuable information.

"DIVINE POTENTIAL....Accepting and embracing those godlike potentials in our lives..Acceptance is what chemically opens those potentials and we begin to age differently and metabolise differently, we begin to think differently, we begin to intuit…"

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Replies

Jazmin October 28, 2009 at 12:12am

Thank you for your recommendation, Jacques. I sure am gonna check it out!
Jacques October 28, 2009 at 12:02am

Greetings Jasmin,
Try to find a book written by Gurudas "The Spiritual Properties of Herbs " from Cassandra Press 1988 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 88-71401
"Preface" " Most of this text were provided by the Master Hilarion through Jon C. Fox, a channel in California..."

Thanks for information,
Jacques
- Jazmin > Jacques December 3, 2009 at 2:06am
  
  Greetings, Jacques!
  Thanks again for recommending the book, 'The Spiritual Properties of Herbs' by Gurudas. I ordered it from Amazon.com the same day I read your comment. It took a month, though, for it to arrive in Australia from the USA. I think it's because the seller abbreviated the address 'Australia' into 'AU'; so that it was sent to, of all places in the universe...Auckland!... but thanks to the Auckland 1142 Mail Centre staff, it was redirected to Australia, and finally, I'm reading it with keen interest.
  Regarding Echinacea, I quote from page 120, "This common herb has long been used as a digestive aid and blood purifier...There are qualities of swiftness, protection, and purification associated with this plant. These properties have changed since the plant was initially used in Lemuria. Today, the plant is undergoing a change on the subtle vibrational level. This is making it more effective to assist the immune system, and this is likely to continue for some years."
Marique October 27, 2009 at 1:42pm

Thank you for sharing this. It is so good to know there are so many good herbals out there that can do the job without drugscoming from a pharmaceudical company. I do not take over the counter or prescription drugs unless I absolutely have to. I was on a clinical trial for celebrex for arthritis and almost died, my heart stopped. They immediately took me off the trial, then iddeiately after they released the drug to the market and low and behold they had to pull it off the market because people were having you guessed it, heart problems...So they took it off for about a year, then it came back again, and low and behold, people are dying again. That is why natural remedies are so important and it is a good thing to share any good ones that are out there for alternatives. People should definitely look into healthier alternatives than the Big Pharma drugs, that is for sure. Thank you for sharing this valuable information.
- Jazmin > Marique October 28, 2009 at 12:32am
  
  Thank you for your comments, Marique.
  And let's not forget another powerful herb for the immune system: GARLIC (Allium sativum). Typical dosage: one or more fresh garlic cloves per day; or capsules that provide 4,000 to 5,000 micrograms of allicin (the active constituent in garlic) per day.
  Garlic is the common culinary herb that when used medicinally can ward off viruses like colds and influenza. It's so powerful that garlic is also very effective in warding off vampires, as well as some people you would rather be away from!
- This reply was deleted.
  - Marique October 27, 2009 at 11:45pm
    
    Yes I am glad you like my new spelling word, I am so dam clever..... So sorry that my honey Napa has rubbed off on you and now YOU feel compelled to ridicule my spelling and word usage too.....did you like my drugscoming word too????? I will tell you the same thing I told Napa when he corrected my grammar and word usage.......I love you. So there, take that, swat...
    
    Haha on me
    Marique

This reply was deleted.

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ECHINACEA: a "Cure-All" Herb to Boost the Immune System

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