Let Us Look At The Eye

Many people find the eye to be quite fascinating in it's bearing signatures that are characterestic of a work of genius. However, still many go about fully imerced in day to day life and never stop to appreciate the mirracle that they can even see at all. There are some 2 reasons as to why I will present below the bewildering facts going own in your retina as you see.a)I would like you to appreciate how smart it is the whatever made this thing.b)Understanding how the eye works, can help us to judge how other realms we cannot see can be eluding us. This same reasoning applies also to the other senses.When Charles Dawrin was asked how such a structure as an eye could have evolved, he said that it all begun with a pretty simple point that can detect light. Let us now zoom the lense to see how simple this point detector is.On the retina are photosensitive cells termed rodes and cones. In every cells are proteins attatched to their cell membranes. A protein is a bewilderingly complex molecule that can only be build with the help of the blue prints in the DNA. Some of the purposes of the surface proteins are to control what enters or leave the cell and to receive signals from outside the cell. One such signals are photons.On the surface of rodes are proteins termed rhodospine. The rhodospine encloses another chemical termed cis-retinal. Right below the rhodspine inside the cell is a chemical termed transducin. Initially transducin float around near the rhodospine but it is not bounded to rhodospine. Initially, attatched to transducin is another chemical termed guanoside diphosphate (GDP) but things will change as light strike cis-retinal.Then the lord say, let there be light!The photon strikes the cis-retinal and the energy is used to alter its shape in what is termed isomerization. This in turn changes the shape of rhodospine making it to fit the transducin like a key fits a lock. The transducin binds to rhodospine and its shape too alters in the process and it releases the GDP like the dog will release a piece of bread if he sees a bone. Then another chemical termed guanoside triphosphate (GTP) attatches itself to transducin. So it is a swap.We now have a giant molecule created by binding a shape-modified rhodospine to transducin and then to GTP. Note that GTP alone could not do the next step. The briliant mechanism of releasing GDP and then grasping GTP is not even as amazing as the fact that it has thus created a total structure that can now bind to a protein termed phosphodiesterase. The thus binding of phosphodiesterase is a kind of an enable switch. It can now break a bond called phosphodiester bond which is in a molecule termed cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP. cGMP acts as a gate in some other surface proteins termed ion channels.The ion channels constantly pump sodium ions into the cell and pumps potasium ions out of the cell. This activity ensures that the voltage across the cell wall is steady. Attatched to these channels are cGMP. this serves to regulate the channels by opening or closing it. When the phosphodiester bonds of cGMP are broken, they can nolonger keep the sodium ion gate open. So the pumping of pottasium ions out of the cell wall without a corresponding pumping in of sodium ions creates a voltage difference across the cell wall. It is this voltage difference that causes an electric current that then flows to the brain through an optic nerve.Phew! That is how 'simple' the mere light detector is!

It is also important to know and understand that what happens betwee the very cis-retinal is a fresh can of worms on its own! The molecule must rotate at a precise angle of 90¤ about a bond termed cis-bond. Then the two atoms at the end of the chain, hydrogen and oxygen must swap there positions. You cannot understand this by a simple knocking of billiard ball like structures. We are now fully on the realm of quantum mechanics and infact there is no exact math answers to such question. A molecule such as retinal has over 100 fundamental particles and is thus a highly chaotic system.

Might the photons themselves be a bit complex so that only those vibrating in certain pattern can bring about the photoisomerism? That is to say the photon itself must act as a key in that it must begin by swaping hydrogen atom with oxygen atom and then followed by rotating the cis bond. This mean that not every photon can achieve that just as in not every neurotransmitter can switch a certain neurotransmitter receptor.

If not every photon can isomerise 11-cis-retinal into 11-cis-trans-retinal, then we donnot see all the photons in the world. These others will form the unseen realms.

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Comments

Roaring Lovely September 3, 2015 at 12:22pm

After all these, we can also stop to wonder how many bajillions of years will nature take to form even a SINGLE photoreceiver through a series of accidents?? Then multiply these by the thrillions in the entire retina.

Such details must always be included when trying to grasp a biological phenomenon. Such handwavings as 'the light hit retina and is converted to electric signal which goes to the brain and the brain interprates it' sweeps important details under the carpet, trivialise the world and is almost as good as full blown ignorance if not worse.
Roaring Lovely September 3, 2015 at 12:08pm

It is also important to know and understand that what happens betwee the very cis-retinal is a fresh can of worms on its own! The molecule must rotate at a precise angle of 90¤ about a bond termed cis-bond. Then the two atoms at the end of the chain, hydrogen and oxygen must swap there positions. You cannot understand this by a simple knocking of billiard ball like structures. We are now fully on the realm of quantum mechanics and infact there is no exact math answers to such question. A molecule such as retinal has over 100 fundamental particles and is thus a highly chaotic system.

Might the photons themselves be a bit complex so that only those vibrating in certain pattern can bring about the photoisomerism? That is to say the photon itself must act as a key in that it must begin by swaping hydrogen atom with oxygen atom and then followed by rotating the cis bond. This mean that not every photon can achieve that just as in not every neurotransmitter can switch a certain neurotransmitter receptor.

If not every photon can isomerise 11-cis-retinal into 11-cis-trans-retinal, then we donnot see all the photons in the world. These others will form the unseen realms.
Roaring Lovely September 3, 2015 at 7:59am

Hope you can see that our eye's phototransduction is as superior to our cameras as maybe a submarine is supperior to the boat in Archimede age! The use of the light signal to opperate the cGMP gate of ion channel instead of taking it directly to the brain serves to amplify the signal with the help of ATP operating the sodium pumbs. This has taught the designers of cameras to place microscopic transistor gates on the screens in imitating the retina!
Roaring Lovely September 2, 2015 at 6:50pm

Now we see photon striking the cis-retinal to alter its shape. Ask what else might alter this shape. Or you may also ask if the virtual photons created by quantum fluctuations near the retina may do it. Then some of the images you see when you close your eyes are not created by your brain at all. They are real images of the quantum field!! You are perceiving a realm existing independent of your body but which pervades everywhere!
Roaring Lovely September 2, 2015 at 6:43pm

These wonders never end.:) Photons themselves look like the eye! Consider for instance the cyclicaly polarized photon.
Ara September 2, 2015 at 6:02pm

The eye - the resemblance in the Universe and the Human Eye is fascinating - ... ;))
Roaring Lovely September 2, 2015 at 4:22pm

Following the advent of quantum tunnelling microscope, biochemists suspended evolution theory that they may first gaze at exactly how marvelous is the complexity and ingenuity that is there in leaving things. Before we eaven wonder of their origin, have we first even correctly estimated what it takes to form a leaving thing?